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Niterói ((:niteˈɾɔj)) is a municipality of the state of Rio de Janeiro in the southeast region of Brazil. It lies across Guanabara Bay from the city of Rio de Janeiro and forms part of the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Area.〔(Rio de Janeiro to Niteroi, Brazil - Google Maps )〕 It has an estimated population of 487,327 inhabitants (2010) and an area of , making it the sixth most populous city in the state. It has the highest Human Development Index of the state. The city has the nicknames of Nikity, Nicki City and the Smile City ''(Cidade Sorriso)''. Studies by the Getulio Vargas Foundation in June 2011 classified Niterói as the richest city of Brazil, with 55.7% of the population included in class A. Considering the classes A and B, Niterói also appears in the first place, with 85.9% of the population entered in these classes. The word "Niterói" comes from the Tupi language and means "water that hides". It was founded on 22 November 1573 by the Tupi Amerindian chief Araribóia (who later was converted to Roman Catholicism and given the Christian name of Martim Afonso, after the Portuguese explorer Martim Afonso de Sousa). It makes Niteroi the only Brazilian city to have been founded by a non-Christian, non-assimilated Brazilian Amerindian. The Brazilian leg of the Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series takes place in Niterói. ==History== Following the expulsion of French settlers from Rio de Janeiro in 1567 by Estácio de Sá (the so-called France Antarctique episode), the Portuguese crown began noticing that the bay of Rio de Janeiro would make a strategic scale for the Atlantic route of ships from Portugal to its colonies in Africa and Asia, as well an important advanced bridgehead for the defense of South Brazil. Fortresses were built and an alliance was formed with nearby native Tupi-Guaraní tribes to defend the settlement against other European invaders. Araribóia, the chief of one of these allied tribes – the Temininós – requested from the Portuguese Governor-General of Brazil, Mem de Sá, a tract of land; his request was granted, and he was rewarded with the region called "Banda D'Além" (the land beyond), in the eastern side of the bay, from ''River Marui'' to the ''Red Barriers'' between ''Gragoata'' and ''Boa Viagem'' beaches.〔(Conheça Niteroi (Know Niteroi) )〕 This area corresponded to what is nowadays the northwestern part of the municipality of Niterói, which includes the central and northern zones of its urban area. There, in the "Land Beyond", Araribóia founded the Town of Saint Lawrence of the Indians (in Portuguese, ''Vila de São Lourenço dos Índios''), the embryo for the future city of ''Niterói'', a Tupi name that means "Hidden Waters". The village was visited by the king of Portugal, John VI, in 1816, who also decreed its emancipation from Rio de Janeiro on 10 May 1819 and gave the new-created municipality a new name, ''Vila Real da Praia Grande'' (Royal Town of Long Beach). In 1834, the city of Rio de Janeiro, capital of the newly established Empire of Brazil, was detached from the rest of Rio de Janeiro Province; Vila Real da Praia Grande was then chosen as the new capital of that province, while the city of Rio de Janeiro itself was converted into a ''neutral municipality'', following the Ato Adicional. Niteroi served the function of capital till the year of 1975 – except for the period between 1894 and 1903 when it was temporarily transferred to the city of Petrópolis. Vila Real da Praia Grande was officially renamed to ''Niterói'' on 6 March 1835 after the Tupi ''Nictheroy'' (hidden waters). This old spelling persisted until the mid-20th century, when the current spelling – (Niterói ) – was adopted. In 1890, the Brazilian provinces began being called ''states'' and the neutral municipality (Rio de Janeiro city) had its status changed to ''Federal District'' (or simply DF, the Brazilian acronym for ''Distrito Federal''). Following the transference of Brazil's capital to Brasilia DF in 1960, the city of Rio de Janeiro was made into a small, one-municipality state, named Guanabara State. This state was finally absorbed by Rio de Janeiro State in 1975; since then, Niteroi lost its condition of the state's capital in favor of the city of Rio de Janeiro. A circus fire in the city killed 323 people on 17 December 1961; the fire was later found to have been deliberately set by disgruntled circus employees. It is one of the worst tragedies in Brazilian history and the most fatal in the annals of world circus show history. On 8 April 2010; the mudslide triggered due to heavy rainfall cost at least 200 lives. At least 11,000 people were forced to flee homes due to further mudslides. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Niterói」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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